Radio program question

-!_ s'g wft'df k|sfz 7f]lsPkl5 ljB't pTkGg x'G5 / ;f]nf/ ;]nn] s;/L sfd u5{ ? 

;aeGbf klxn] ljB't eg]sf]] ;'rfns a:t'df On]S6«f]gx?sf] k|jfx xf] . ;'rfns wft'df Free On]S6«f]gx? x'G5g\ h'g cfˆg} 7fpFdf vibrate ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ha s'g} ;'rfns wft'df k|sfz zlQm cyjf cGo s'g} zlQm h:t}M tfklso zlQm wft'df 7f]lsPkl5 wft'df ePsf Free On]S6«f]gx?sf] Kinetic Energy a9\5 / wft'af6 lg:sg vf]H5 / lg:sg] a]nfdf On]S6«f]gx? aUg] af6f] kfof] eg] ToxL af6f]af6 On]S6«f]gx?sf] k|jfx x'G5 . h;nfO{ xfdL ljB't k|jfx eG5f} .    

s'rfns wft'df Free On]S6«f]gx? x'Fb}g ToxL eP/ cwft'af6 ljB't pTkGg x'Fb}g / ljB't k|jfx klg x'Fb}g . ;f]nf/ ;]n eg]sf] l;lnsg wft' xf], h;sf] Atomic number !$ x'G5 / clGtd orbit df $ j6f On]S6«f]gx? x'G5g\ , h'g Free x'Fb}gg, lsgeg] jl/k/Lsf l;lnsg Atom ;Fu Covalent agfPsf x'G5g\ . l;lnsg a:t' b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g, Pp6f pure l;lnsg / csf]{  impure l;lnsg . pure l;lnsg n] g ljB't pTkfbg u5{ g ljB't k|jfx g}, To;}n] ljB't pTkfbg tyf k|jfx ug{nfO{ To;df Pentavalent -clGtd orbit df % j6f On]S6«f]gx? ePsf] _ cyjf Trivalent -clGtd orbit df # j6f On]S6«f]gx? ePsf] _ a:t' ld>0f ul/G5 . clg To;df Free On]S6«f]g / Hole x? pTkGg x'G5g\ . Free On]S6«f]g eg]sf] Negative Charge xf] eg] Hole eg]sf] Positive Charge xf] . lt rfh{x? ha s'g} ;'rfns wft' af6 k|jfx eof] eg] ] To;df ljB't k|jfx x'G5 .

-@_ ljh'nLsf] rLddf b'O{ j6f tf/ hf]8] klg ;6 x'b}g, lsg ?

ljh'nLsf]] rLddf b'O{ j6f tf/x?nfO{ hf]8\g] csf]{ tf/ h'g rLd leq k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 / aN5 , To;sf] cj/f]w (Resistance) k}bf ug]{ Ifdtf cToflws x'G5 , h;af6 On]S6«f]gx? k|jfx x'g ;Sb}g . olb On]S6«f]gx? k|jfx x'g ;s]g eg] ljB't ;6 x'Fb}g . Tolx wft' leq On]S6«f]gx? Ps csf{l;t 7f]lsP/ 3if{0f k}bf u/L tfk lgsfN5 / w]/} dfqfdf tfk pTkGg eP kl5 Tof] k|sfz zlQmdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . rLd leq k|of]u x'g] tf/df w]/} dfqfdf tfk pTkGg eP klg gkUlng], high melting point ePsf] wft'sf] k|of]u ul/ tf/ agfO{Psf] x'G5 . To;/L ljh'nLsf]] rLdn] k|sfz k|bfg u5{ . a9L cj/f]w Ifdtf ePsf] tf/x?df Nichrome, Tungesten h:tf cGo wft'x? k|of]u ul/G5 . rLd leq aNg] tf/nfO{ hf]8\g] csf]{ b'O{ j6f tf/x? eg] yf]/} cj/f]w (Resistance) Ifdtf ePsf] wft'sf] k|of]u ul/ tf/ agfO{Psf] x'G5 . sd cj/f]w Ifdtf ePsf] tf/x?df copper, aluminum, iron h:tf cGo wft'x? klg k|of]u ul/G5 . o;/L ljh'nLsf] rLddf b'O{ j6f tf/ hf]8] klg On]S6«f]gx? ;lhn};Fu k|jfx x'G5 , lah'nLsf] rLd aN5 / ;6 klg x'b}g .     

-#_ 6«fG;km/d/ df ef]N6]h s;/L 365 / a9\5 ?  

6«fG;km/d/ b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g, Pp6f step up csf]{ step down 6«fG;km/d/ . step up 6«fG;km/d/n] ef]N6]h a9Ffp5 eg] step down 6«fG;km/d/n] ef]N6]h 36fp5 . 6«fG;km/d/df b'O{ j6f sf]Onx? x'G5g, Pp6f  k/fOd/L sf]On / csf]{ ;]s]G8/L sf]On . k/fOd/L sf]On df AC main Source hf]l8G5 eg] ;]s]G8/L sf]Ondf rflxg] ef]N6]hdf k|of]u ug]{ pks/0f hf]l8G5 . pks/0f nflu rflxPsf] ef]N6]h 6«fG;km/d/sf] k/fOd/L sf]On / ;]s]G8/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? sf] (Number of Turn) sf] ;+Vofdf e/ kb{5 . 6«fG;km/d/ lgDg km{d'nfdf cfwfl/t 5 .

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E_s                N_s

E_p               N_p

×

Ep

         N_s               

=

Or,  E_s

         N_p

E_s - ;]s]G8/L ef]N6]h

E_{p -} k/fOd/L ef]N6]h

N_{s -} ;]s]G8/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? (Number of Turn)

N_{p -} k/fOd/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx?

;]s]G8/L ef]N6]h sf] ef]N6]h (emf) 36fpg / a9fpgnfO{ ToxL cg';f/sf] ;]s]G8/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? (Number of Turn) / k/fOd/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? sf] ;+Vof 36fpg' / a9fpg' k5{ .

-$_ Remote Control df k|of]u ePsf] Jof6«L leq} un]sf] cj:yfdf 5 eg] Remote Control lalu|b}g / c? ljB'tLo pks/0f lau|G5, lsg ?

Remote Control cyjf h'g;'s} ljB'tLo pks/0f df ljB'tLo kl/ky (Electronic Circuit) x'G5 h;df y'k|} Diode, Capacitor, Transistor cflb k|of]u ePsf x'G5g\ . pQm pks/0fdf k|of]u ePsf] Jof6«L leq} un]sf] cj:yfdf 5 eg] Jof6«Ldf ePsf] Acid lg:s]/ ljB'tLo pks/0f sf] cfGtl/s ljB'tLo kl/ky df chemical reaction u/]/ jf ljB't ;6 u/L cfGtl/s ljB'tLo kl/ky lauf/]/ sfd gug]{ cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 .  o:tf] ePdf Remote Control dfq} xf]Og h'g;'s} ljB'tLo pks/0f lau|Gf ;S5 / Remote Control lalu|b}g / c? ljB'tLo pks/0f lau|G5 eg] x'b}g . s'g pks/0f df slt Acid kf]lvG5 To;df e/kb{5 / lau|g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .