Radio program question

!_ k[YjLsf] r'DasLo d08n (Magnetosphere) df Kjfn k/]sf] xf] <

;aeGbf klxn] r'DasLo d08n (Magnetosphere) eg]sf] k[YjLsf] jl/k/L r'DasLo ;txn] 3]/]sf] d08n xf] h;n] ;"o{af6 ;f]n/ ljO08 -;f}o{ jfo'_ nfO{ k[YjLdf cfpgaf6 /f]S5 . olb Tof] d08ndf Kjfn eof] jf df]6fO{ 36\of] eg] w]/} ;f]n/ ljO08 -;f}o{ jfo'_ k[YjLdf l5g{ ;S5 / xfdLnfO{ xfgL u5{ . ;"o{sf] cfˆgf] r'DasLo If]q x'G5 h'g kl/jt{gzLn 5 . o:tf] dflgG5 ls r'DasLo If]q w]/} zlQmzfnL x'g'sf] sf/0fn] g} æ;g\ :k6\;Æ sf] pTklQ x'G5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof 36 a9 eO{/x]5 5 . k|To]s !! jif{kl5 ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof crfgs a9]sf] 5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;fy sf]/f]gfsf] cfsf/df klg lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g x'G5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof a9L x'Fbf sf]/f]gf ;"o{sf] cf;kf; Ps ;dldtLo j[Qsf] ?kdf cfpF5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof sd x'Fbf sf]/f]gf j[Qfsf/ x'g'sf] ;§f c08fsf/ of bL3{j[Qsf/sf] ?kdf b]lvG5 tyf o;sf] rds klg ToxL a]nf sd x'G5 .

;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof cg';f/ sf]/f]gfsf] cfsf/df nuftf/ x'g] jfnf kl/jt{gaf6 g} ;f]n/ ljO08 -;f}o{ jfo'_ sf] pTklQ x'G5 . sf]/f]gfsf] s]xL efu ;"o{af6 pl5l§P/ nueu $%) ls=dL= k|lt ;]=sf] ultn] knfog x'G5 . o;}nfO{ ;f}o{ xfjf elgG5 . ;f}o{ xfjfdf cfoltt Uof;x? hd]sf] x'G5 , h'g KnfHdf cj:yfdf x'G5 . of] ;f}o{ KnfHdfsf] cj:yfdf a/fa/ dfqfdf 3gfj]lzt cfot pkl:yt x'G5 .

;f}o{ ;lqmotfsf] bf}/fg ha ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof clwstd ;Ldf ;Dd k'Ub5 ta ;"o{af6 ;f]n/ ˆn]o/ lg:sG5 . ;f]n/ ˆn]o/df pRr zlQmjfg k|f]6f]g / On]S6«f]g pkl:yt x'G5 . k[YjLdf /]l8of] cleu|x0f tyf ;~rf/ lqmofx?df of] s0fn] afwf k'¥ofpFb5 . o;af6 k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]qdf xnrn x'G5 h;af6 r'DasLo t'kmfg -DofUg]l6s :6d{_ x?sf] pTklQ x'G5 .

oL ;f]n/ ˆn]o/x?sf cnfjf sf]/f]gfaf6 ;f}o{ Hjfnfx? -;f]n/ k|f]ldg]+;];_ sf] klg pTklQ x'G5 . cfuf]sf] ljzfn k'~hsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] of] Hjfnfx? ;f}o{ sf]/f]gfsf] aflx/ tkm{ a9\b5 . of] ;f}o{ Hjfnfx?sf] tfkqmd xhf/f}+ s]lNag x'G5 . cGtl/Ifdf xhf/f}+ ls=dL=sf] ofqf Hjfnfx? km}lnP/ to ub{5 .

k[YjLsf] jl/k/Lsf] If]q h;df Charge Particles x? l;t klg r'DasLo If]q k|efljt x'G5 . k[YjLsf] Magnetosphere df af/ DofUg]6 h:t} b'O{ j6f w'j|x? x'G5g\ . j}1flgssf] egfO{ cg;f/ k[YjLsf] r'DasLo ;txdf @ j6f 7"nf] Kjfnx? kl/;s]sf 5g\ . h;n] k[YjLnfO{ w]/} xfgL ul//x]sf] 5 . tL Kjfn gk/]sf] a]nfdf hlt ;f}o{ xfjf l5b{Yof] To;sf] @) u'0ff a9L Kjfnaf6 l5l//x]sf] 5 . j}1flgssf] egfO{ cg';f/ ;g\ @)!@ ;Dddf k[YjLsf] Jof;eGbf $ u'0ff a9L Jof; ePsf] Kjfn kg]{5 .  

w]/} ;–;fgf s0fx? r'DasLo ;txn] ubf{ k5fl8 kms]{/ hfG5g\ eg] s]xL ToxL If]qdf yk pmhf{ ;lxt 3'Dg yfNb5g\ . tftf] xfjf axg] rqm !! jif{sf] x'G5 / clxn] yf]/} 5 eg] @)!@ df clwstd x'g]5 . k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]q 36\g' a9\g' To;sf] cw{Jof;sf] ;fy} cfˆgf] sIfdf 3'Dg'df klg lge{/ kb{5 . k[YjL Vertical Axis l;t !! l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfP/ cfˆgf] sIfdf 3'D5 . To;}n] k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]q 36\g a9\g ;S5 . k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]q / ;fwf/0f r'Dassf] r'DsLo If]qdf s'g} ;dfgtf gePsf]n] To;df Kjfn k/]kl5 ;fwf/0f r'Dassf] r'DasLo If]qdf klg Kjfn x'G5 eGg ;lsb}g .

@_ /f]6L ksfpbf /f]6Lsf] Pp6f efu kftnf] Pp6f efu df]6f]df 5'l§G5 lsg <

/f]6L ksfpgsf] nfuL ux'Fsf] kL7f]df kfgL xfln;s] kl5 /fd|f];Fu d'l5O{ /f]6L agfpg] cfsf/df tof/ ul/G5 . ha Tof] /f]6L tft]sf] tfpdf /fv] kl5 /f]6Ldf ePsf] kfgL jfkm eP/ p8\5 . /f]6Lsf] h'g efudf klxnf kfgLsf] dfqf 36\5 Tof] efu rfF8} ;'Ssf x'G5 / kftnf] x'G5 . kfgL jfikmLs/0f x'g] b/ /f]6Lsf] df]6fO{df e/ kb{5 . /f]6Lsf] df]6fO{ w]/} sd 5 eg] b'j} efu plQs} df]6f] x'G5 . olb /f]6L w]/} afSnf] 5 eg] Pp6f efu w]/} kftnf] / Pp6f efu w]/} df]6f] x'G5 . s'g} klg wft"sf] tfk kmfNg] To;sf] Thermal Conductivity df e/ kb{5 . tfpsf] Thermal Conductivity w]/} x'g] ePsf]n] /f]6Ln] rfF8} tfk ;f]:b5 / jfikmLs/0f klg l56f] x'G5 . Tof] jfkm /f]6Lsf] dflysf] efuaf6 p8\g] ePsf]n] tnsf] eGbf dflyNnf] efu l9nf] u/L ;'S5 / df]6f] x'G5 .

#_ ;"o{ / rGb|df k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 lsg <

;f}o{ kl/jf/df ePsf] ;a} u|xx?n] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] pku|xx?n] u|xnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;f}o{ kl/jf/df ePsf k|To]s u|xx? / pku|xx? Ps csf{]l;t Gravitational force / Centripetal Force n] cl8Psf 5g\ . k[YjL ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg'sf] ;fy} cfˆgf] sIfdf klg 3'ld/x]sf] x'G5 . hxfF;Dd xfdLnfO{ nfU5 ls ;"o{n] k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] 5g\ eGg] s'/f To;df olb xfdL rGb|dfdf a;]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k[YjLn] rGb|dfdfnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 / k[YjL g} rGb|df eGbf dfly b]lvG5 . h;/L Pp6f sldnf em'l08Psf] ;'Gtnfdf lx8\5 eg] Tof] sldnfsf] nflu ;'Gtnf ;w} tn g} x'G5 . To;}u/L k[YjL ;'Gtnfsf/ ePsf] / xfdL sldnf h:t} k[YjLdf 3'Db5f} eg] ;"o{ / rGb|df xfdL eGbf dfly g} b]lvG5 / ;"o{ / rGb|df k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .

$_ kmf6f]skL d]zLgn] s;/L sfd u5{ <

kmf]6f]skL d]zLgn] s'g} klg k|ltj]bgsf] kfgfsf] gSsn h:tfsf] To:t} csf]{ gofF kfgfdf 5fKg] sfd u5{ .  kmf]6f]skL d]zLgsf] csf]{ gfd Xerox d]zLg xf] . o;/L h:tf To:t} csf]{ gofF kfgfdf 5fKg] k|lqmofnfO{ Xerography elgG5 . Xerography u|Ls zAbaf6 pTklQ ePsf] / Xerox zAbsf] cy{ Dry Writing xf] . kmf]6f]skL d]zLgsf] cfljisf/ Cheaster Carlson n] ;g\ !(#* df df u/]sf x'g\ / pgL lj1fgsf] ljBfyL{ geP/ sfg"gsf ljBfyL{ lyP . ;g\ !(%) df kmf]6f]skL d]zLg ahf/df laqmLsf] nflu NofOPsf lyP . kmf]6f]skL d]zLg s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf, kmf]6f]skL d]zLg b'O{  l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ sfd u5{ . Pp6f xf] Principle of Photoconductivity l;4fGtdf eg] csf]{ xf] Coulomb's Law xf] . Photoconductivity eg]sf] s'g} wft'df k|sfz kg]{ ljlQs} Tof] wft'df s/]G6 aUg] xf] / Coulomb's Law eg]sf] ;dfg rfh{ sgx?df ljqmz0f / c;dfg rfh{ sgx?df cfsif{0f x'g' xf] .  

kmf]6f]skL d]zLgdf b'O{ j6f ;dtn P]gfx?, n]G;, DofUg]l6s a|; /f]n/, d;L h:tf cflb kf6{k"hf{x? x'G5g\ . kmf]6f]skLsf] d;L ljz]if lsl;dsf] sfnf] /+usf] x'G5 . h'g tfkn] klUnP/ DofUg]l6s a|;åf/f k]k/df 5flkG5 . kmf]6f]skL kfgfdf 5fKbf d'Vot rf/ efudf sfo{ ub{5g\ . klxnf] xf] Selenium wft'n] ag]sf] 8«dnfO{ rfh{ ul/G5 . bf];|f] sfo{ P]gf / n]G;sf] d2tn] kfgfdf 5fofF kfl/G5 / ToxL 5fofFdf d;LnfO{ kufnL 5flkG5 . o;/L kmf6f]skL d]zLgn] sfd u5{ .