Radio program question

-!_ s'g wft'df k|sfz 7f]lsPkl5 ljB't pTkGg x'G5 / ;f]nf/ ;]nn] s;/L sfd u5{ ? 

;aeGbf klxn] ljB't eg]sf]] ;'rfns a:t'df On]S6«f]gx?sf] k|jfx xf] . ;'rfns wft'df Free On]S6«f]gx? x'G5g\ h'g cfˆg} 7fpFdf vibrate ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ha s'g} ;'rfns wft'df k|sfz zlQm cyjf cGo s'g} zlQm h:t}M tfklso zlQm wft'df 7f]lsPkl5 wft'df ePsf Free On]S6«f]gx?sf] Kinetic Energy a9\5 / wft'af6 lg:sg vf]H5 / lg:sg] a]nfdf On]S6«f]gx? aUg] af6f] kfof] eg] ToxL af6f]af6 On]S6«f]gx?sf] k|jfx x'G5 . h;nfO{ xfdL ljB't k|jfx eG5f} .    

s'rfns wft'df Free On]S6«f]gx? x'Fb}g ToxL eP/ cwft'af6 ljB't pTkGg x'Fb}g / ljB't k|jfx klg x'Fb}g . ;f]nf/ ;]n eg]sf] l;lnsg wft' xf], h;sf] Atomic number !$ x'G5 / clGtd orbit df $ j6f On]S6«f]gx? x'G5g\ , h'g Free x'Fb}gg, lsgeg] jl/k/Lsf l;lnsg Atom ;Fu Covalent agfPsf x'G5g\ . l;lnsg a:t' b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g, Pp6f pure l;lnsg / csf]{  impure l;lnsg . pure l;lnsg n] g ljB't pTkfbg u5{ g ljB't k|jfx g}, To;}n] ljB't pTkfbg tyf k|jfx ug{nfO{ To;df Pentavalent -clGtd orbit df % j6f On]S6«f]gx? ePsf] _ cyjf Trivalent -clGtd orbit df # j6f On]S6«f]gx? ePsf] _ a:t' ld>0f ul/G5 . clg To;df Free On]S6«f]g / Hole x? pTkGg x'G5g\ . Free On]S6«f]g eg]sf] Negative Charge xf] eg] Hole eg]sf] Positive Charge xf] . lt rfh{x? ha s'g} ;'rfns wft' af6 k|jfx eof] eg] ] To;df ljB't k|jfx x'G5 .

-@_ ljh'nLsf] rLddf b'O{ j6f tf/ hf]8] klg ;6 x'b}g, lsg ?

ljh'nLsf]] rLddf b'O{ j6f tf/x?nfO{ hf]8\g] csf]{ tf/ h'g rLd leq k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 / aN5 , To;sf] cj/f]w (Resistance) k}bf ug]{ Ifdtf cToflws x'G5 , h;af6 On]S6«f]gx? k|jfx x'g ;Sb}g . olb On]S6«f]gx? k|jfx x'g ;s]g eg] ljB't ;6 x'Fb}g . Tolx wft' leq On]S6«f]gx? Ps csf{l;t 7f]lsP/ 3if{0f k}bf u/L tfk lgsfN5 / w]/} dfqfdf tfk pTkGg eP kl5 Tof] k|sfz zlQmdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . rLd leq k|of]u x'g] tf/df w]/} dfqfdf tfk pTkGg eP klg gkUlng], high melting point ePsf] wft'sf] k|of]u ul/ tf/ agfO{Psf] x'G5 . To;/L ljh'nLsf]] rLdn] k|sfz k|bfg u5{ . a9L cj/f]w Ifdtf ePsf] tf/x?df Nichrome, Tungesten h:tf cGo wft'x? k|of]u ul/G5 . rLd leq aNg] tf/nfO{ hf]8\g] csf]{ b'O{ j6f tf/x? eg] yf]/} cj/f]w (Resistance) Ifdtf ePsf] wft'sf] k|of]u ul/ tf/ agfO{Psf] x'G5 . sd cj/f]w Ifdtf ePsf] tf/x?df copper, aluminum, iron h:tf cGo wft'x? klg k|of]u ul/G5 . o;/L ljh'nLsf] rLddf b'O{ j6f tf/ hf]8] klg On]S6«f]gx? ;lhn};Fu k|jfx x'G5 , lah'nLsf] rLd aN5 / ;6 klg x'b}g .     

-#_ 6«fG;km/d/ df ef]N6]h s;/L 365 / a9\5 ?  

6«fG;km/d/ b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g, Pp6f step up csf]{ step down 6«fG;km/d/ . step up 6«fG;km/d/n] ef]N6]h a9Ffp5 eg] step down 6«fG;km/d/n] ef]N6]h 36fp5 . 6«fG;km/d/df b'O{ j6f sf]Onx? x'G5g, Pp6f  k/fOd/L sf]On / csf]{ ;]s]G8/L sf]On . k/fOd/L sf]On df AC main Source hf]l8G5 eg] ;]s]G8/L sf]Ondf rflxg] ef]N6]hdf k|of]u ug]{ pks/0f hf]l8G5 . pks/0f nflu rflxPsf] ef]N6]h 6«fG;km/d/sf] k/fOd/L sf]On / ;]s]G8/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? sf] (Number of Turn) sf] ;+Vofdf e/ kb{5 . 6«fG;km/d/ lgDg km{d'nfdf cfwfl/t 5 .

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E_s                N_s

E_p               N_p

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Ep

         N_s               

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Or,  E_s

         N_p

E_s - ;]s]G8/L ef]N6]h

E_{p -} k/fOd/L ef]N6]h

N_{s -} ;]s]G8/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? (Number of Turn)

N_{p -} k/fOd/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx?

;]s]G8/L ef]N6]h sf] ef]N6]h (emf) 36fpg / a9fpgnfO{ ToxL cg';f/sf] ;]s]G8/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? (Number of Turn) / k/fOd/L sf]On df tf/sf] kmgsfx? sf] ;+Vof 36fpg' / a9fpg' k5{ .

-$_ Remote Control df k|of]u ePsf] Jof6«L leq} un]sf] cj:yfdf 5 eg] Remote Control lalu|b}g / c? ljB'tLo pks/0f lau|G5, lsg ?

Remote Control cyjf h'g;'s} ljB'tLo pks/0f df ljB'tLo kl/ky (Electronic Circuit) x'G5 h;df y'k|} Diode, Capacitor, Transistor cflb k|of]u ePsf x'G5g\ . pQm pks/0fdf k|of]u ePsf] Jof6«L leq} un]sf] cj:yfdf 5 eg] Jof6«Ldf ePsf] Acid lg:s]/ ljB'tLo pks/0f sf] cfGtl/s ljB'tLo kl/ky df chemical reaction u/]/ jf ljB't ;6 u/L cfGtl/s ljB'tLo kl/ky lauf/]/ sfd gug]{ cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 .  o:tf] ePdf Remote Control dfq} xf]Og h'g;'s} ljB'tLo pks/0f lau|Gf ;S5 / Remote Control lalu|b}g / c? ljB'tLo pks/0f lau|G5 eg] x'b}g . s'g pks/0f df slt Acid kf]lvG5 To;df e/kb{5 / lau|g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .   

Bigyan Lekhmala NAST

dw'd]x lj/fdLsf] /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf k/LIf0f ug]{ b'vfO{ /lxt k|ljlw

ljZjdf nueu b'O{ ;o 5ofln; ldlnog dflg;x? dw'd]xsf] /f]uaf6 ul;{t /x]sf 5g\ h; dWo] nueu b'O{ ldlnog eGbf a9L Sofg]l8og hgtf dw'd]x jf6 u|l;t /x]sf s'/f Canadian Diabetes Association sf] tYof+Ídf pNn]v 5g\ . To:t} g]kfndf dw'd]xsf] lj/fdLx?sf] ;+Vof 7\ofSs} yfxf g eP klg cTolws /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . dw'd]x /f]uaf6 laleÌ lsl;dsf] cGo /f]u nfUg] ;DefJgf al9 x'g] ePsf]n] of] /f]u af6 ;hu /x\g' sf] ;fy} dw'd]xsf] lj/fdLn] lgoldt ?kdf /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf hfFr ul//fVg' kg]{ cfAZoQmf  x'G5 .

dw'd]xsf] lj/fdLn] lgoldt ?kdf /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf hfFr ubf{ ;"O{sf] ;xfotfn] /ut lgsfnL /utsf] k/LIf0f ul/G5 . h;jf6 lj/fdLn] ;w} ;'Osf] 3f]kfOsf] b'vfO{ lgoldt ?kdf ;xg' kl//fv]sf] x'G5 . cj pQm  b'vfO{jf6 d'lQm kfpg gofF k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/ ePsf] 5 h;jf6 dw'd]xsf lj/fdLx?n] ;'Osf] 3f]kfOsf] b'vfO{ ;xg' kb{}g / /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf kl/If0f b'vfO{ /lxt tl/sf jf6 ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

Calgary University, Canada sf] Schulich School of Engineering cGtu{t  low Frequency Instrumentation Laboratory sf Director Martin Mintchev, sf] g]t[Tjdf Electrical Engineer x?sf] ;d"xn] ltg aif{ nufP/ (e-Mosquito) ljB'tLo nfdv'6[] gfds /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf gfKg] pks/0f cfljisf/ u/]/ cfˆgf] gfddf Kof6]G6 ;d]t btf{ u/fPsf 5g\ . pQm k|ljlwjf6 b'vfO{ /lxt tl/sf jf6 /ut k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . ljB'tLo nfdv'6[] zl//sf] h'g ;'s} efudf 5fnfdf 6f;L nfdv'6[]n] 6f]s] em} /ut ;f]:5g / /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf tf/ /lxt tl/sfjf6 (Sensor) ;]G;/sf] d2tn] sDKo"6/df lrlgsf] dfqf b]Vg ;lsG5 . pQm pks/0fdf rf/ j6f ;-;fgf ;"O{x? x'G5g h'g cfnf]kfnf] ul/ 5fnfdf 3f]K5g / (Capillary Action) Soflkn/L Ps;gsf] l;wfGt jf6 /ut ;"O{df dfly r9\5 / /utdf ePsf] lrlgsf] dfqf yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o; pks/0f af6 /ut ;f]:bf nfdv'6[] 6f]s] ´} clnslt b'V5 . of] k|lalw af6 /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf k/LIf0f ubf{ ;do sf] art x'g' sf] ;fy} laZjfl;nf] x'g' sf] ;fy} / e/kbf{] klg x'G5 .    

pQm pks/0f ;fgf] cfsf/sf] ePsf]n] zl//sf] h'g;'s} efudf nufP/ lgoldt kl/If0f u/fpg ;lsG5 . /utdf lrlgsf] dfqf rflxg] dfqf eGbf al9 eof] eg] vt/fsf] ;+s]t sf] ?kdf cfkm} cn/fd ah]/ lj/fdL tyf 8fS6/nfO{ ;'lrt u5{ . xfn pQm k|lalwdf rf/ Jf6f lkgx? dfq} ePsf]n] pQm pks/0f Ps lbg df Ps rf]6L km]g{' k5{ . Martin Mintchev sf] egfO{ cg';f/ olb To:fdf c? lkg yKg ;Sof] eg] w}/} lbg:fDd sf] nflu zl// df NfufP/ ;'Tg klg ;lsG5 . c´} of] pks/0f af6 zl//df df OG;'n]:fg -/utdf lrlgsf] dfqf 36fpg] cf}iflw_ cfkm} rflxg] dfqfdf ;f]:g ;Sg] agfpgdf k|of; hf/L /x]sf] s'/f AftfPsf 5g .   

Radio program question

r'Dasn] r'DasLo j:t'x?nfO{ lsg cfslif{t u5{ ?

r'Dasn] r'DasLo j:t'nfO{ lsg cfslif{t u5{ eGg] a'em\gnfO{ ;aeGbf klxnf r'Das / r'DasLo j:t' eg]sf] s] xf] / oL b'O{6fdf s] leGgtf 5 , eGg] a'em\g k5{ . r'Das eg]sf] o:tf] j:t' xf] h;sf] Spinning Molecules -cfˆgf] sIfdf 3'Dg] sg_ x? l;wf / Order df ldnfP/ a;]sf] x'G5 . t/ r'DasLo a:t'df tL Molecules x? Disorder cyjf Closed Loop agfP/ a;]sf] x'G5 . r'Dasdf Spinning Molecules x? Order df a;]sf]n] To;df r'DasLo zlQm pTkGg ePsf] x'G5 .  

ha r'Dassf] r'DasLo If]qdf r'DasLo j:t' NofOof] eg] r'DasLo a:t'df 3]/f agfP/ a;]sf] Molecules x? Temporary ?kdf l;wf cyjf Order df a:5 . r'DasLo a:t'df tL Molecules x? l;wf eP/ a:g] ljlQs} Tof] Temporary ?kdf r'Das aG5 . r'Dassf] ;dfg w'|jx?sf] aLrdf ljsif{0f / c;dfg w'|jx?sf] aLrdf cfsif{0f x'g] u'0fn] r'DasLo j:t'nfO{ cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0f ub{5 .  

ca cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0fsf] u'0fsf] af/]df eGbf v]l/ r'Dassf] Spinning Molecules x?sf] b'O{ j6f rfh{x? x'G5g\, 3gfTds / C0ffTds . 3gfTds-3gfTdssf] aLrdf ljsif{0f / 3gfTds-C0ffTdssf] aLrdf cfsif{0f x'G5 .

k[YjL Ps u|x xf], of] ;"o{af6 6'lqmP/ ag]sf] xf] t/ k[YjLsf] Ps dfq pku|x rGb|df s;/L ag]sf] xf] ?

;f}o{ kl/jf/df /x]sf ;a} u|x tyf pku|xx? Big bang Theory af6 pTklt ePsf] egfO a}1flgsx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] pTklQ nueu !#=& ljlnod jif{ cufl8 ePsf] lyof] . k[YjLsf] pTklQ x'g' cufl8 ;+;f/ Pp6f cfuf]sf] clt ;fgf] 8Nnf] lyof] h;sf] tfkqmd 10³² s]nlag / 3gTj 10⁹³ g/cm³ /x]sf] lyof] . Tof] cfuf]sf] 8Nnf] sxfFaf6 / s;/L cfof] eGg] s'/f clxn];Dd /x:odo /x]sf] 5 . pQm cfuf]sf] 8Nnf] laikmf]6 eP kl5 ljleGg cfsf/sf] 6'qmfx?df ljeflht eof] / lj:tf/} lr;f] eP kl5 ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] pTklQ ePsf] lyof] . ljeflht ePsf] lk08x?df s]xL ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg yfNof] / u|x ag]sf] xf]] eg] s]xL ljeflht lk08x? u|xx?sf] jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug{ yfNof] / pku|x ag]sf] xf] . o;/L rGb|df ag]sf] xf] . u|x / pku|xx?sf] aLrdf pTkGg ePsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f an / Centripetal force n] oL lk08x? ;f}o{ kl/jf/df cl8Psf 5g\ .  

Ct'x? kl/jt{g x'g] qmddf /ft / lbg nfdf] / 5f]6f] s;/L x'g] ub{5 ?

xfd|f] k[YjLsf] cfsf/ k"0f{ ?kdf uf]nfsf/ geO{ ;'Gtnf cfsf/df /x]sf] 5 . ;"o{ k[YjLsf] jl/k/ 3'Dg'sf] ;fy} cfˆgf] sIfdf klg kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] 5 . k[YjL !,))) dfOn k|lt 306fsf] b/n] cfˆgf] sIfdf 3'ld/x]sf] 5 / Psrf]l6 cfˆgf] sIfdf 3'DgnfO{ hDdf @$ 306f nfU5 . k[YjL ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ubf{ elliptical orbit df 3'D5 / kl/qmdf ug]{ qmddf s'g} a]nf k[YjL ;"o{sf] glhs cfpF5 eg] s'g} a]nf k[YjL ;"o{af6 6f9f hfG5 . k[YjL ;"o{sf] glhs ePsf] a]nf udL{ Ct' x'G5 eg] 6f9f ePsf] a]nf hf8f] Ct' x'G5 . ca hxfF ;Dd /ft / lbg 5f]6f] / nfdf]sf]  s'/f 5 eg] k[YjL cfˆgf] sIfdf vertical  axis l;t !!⁾ sf] sf]0f agfP/ 3'D5 ToxL eP/ s'g} ;dodf ;"o{sf] k|sfz k[YjLdf w]/} ;do;Dd kb{5 / lbg nfdf] x'G5 eg] s'g} ;dodf ;"o{sf] k|sfz k[YjLdf yf]/} ;do;Dd kb{5 clg lbg 5f]6f] x'G5 .

rGb|dfsf] cfˆgf] k|sfz 5}g t/ ;"o{sf] k|sfz rGb|dfdf kg{ uP/ slxn] sd / slxn] a9L rlDsg] u5{ o:tf] s;/L x'G5 <

h'g j:t'sf] cfˆgf] k|sfz x'G5 To;nfO{ Luminous body cyjf lbKt j:t' eG5 eg] h;sf] cfˆgf] k|sfz x'Fb}g To;nfO{ Non luminous body cyjf clbKt j:t' eG5 . h:t} ;"o{ / tf/fx?sf] cfˆg} k|sfz 5g\ eg] rGb|dfsf] cfˆgf] k|sfz 5}g , ;"o{sf] k|sfz rGb|dfn] k/fjt{g u/]/ g} rGb|df rlDsPsf] xf] . hxfF;Dd rGb|df a9L rlDsg' / sd rlDsg' eGg] s'/f 5 To;df olb ;"o{af6 k|sfz k/fjt{g eP/ l;wf xfdL lt/ cfpF5 , Tof] eg]sf] direct reflection xf] , Tolta]nf light sf] intensity w]/} x'G5 / Tolt a]nf rGb|df a9L rlDsnf] b]lvG5 . l;wf k/fjt{g xfdLlt/ gePsf] a]nf diffused reflection xf] , Tolta]nf light sf] intensity sd x'G5 / Tolta]nf rGb|df sd rlDsnf] b]lvG5 . h;/L ;dtn P]gfaf6 ;"o{sf] k|sfz l;wf k/fjt{g eP/ xfdLlt/ cfpFbf w]/} rlDsG5 eg] l;wf k/fjt{g gePsf] a]nf ToxL P]gf sd rlDsnf] b]lvG5 .    

Radio program question

;"o{u|x0f s;/L / lsg nfUb5 ?

;"o{u|x0f eg]sf] ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ rGb|dfn] 5]s]/ k[YjLdf 5fofF kfg'{ xf] eg] rGb|u|x0f eg]sf] ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ k[YjLn] 5]s]/ rGb|dfdf 5fofF kfg'{ xf] . ;"o{u|x0f tyf rGb|u|x0f ;"o{, k[YjL / rGb|dfsf] Hofldltdf lge{/ x'G5 . k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ sl/a #^% lbgdf kl/qmdf ub{5 / To;} u/L rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ @&=# lbgdf kl/qmdf k"/f ub{5 . oxL qmddf oL ltg slxn] sfxLF Pp6} l;wf /]vfdf cfOk'Ug] ub{5 , h;sf sf/0f u|x0f nfUb5 . rGb|df slxn] ;"o{ / k[YjLsf] aLrdf cfOk'u]/ ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf cfpg] k|sfznfO{ 5]Sb5 / slxn] k[YjL aLrdf k/]/ o;sf] 5fofF rGb|dfdf kb{5 / u|x0f nfUb5 .

;"o{ u|x0f ljz]ift $ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . v08u|f;, ;j{u|f;, vu|f; / jnou|f; . v08u|f; ;"o{u|x0fdf ;"o{sf] s]xL efudf dfq u|x0f b]lvG5 t/ vu|f; ;"o{u|x0fdf k"/} ;"o{ 5]lsP/ cfsf/ klg sfnf] b]lvG5 . ;j{u|f; ;"o{ u|x0fdf ;"o{sf] 6'Kkf] efu dfq 5]lsG5 eg] jnou|f; ;"o{ u|x0fdf ;"o{ jfnf h:tf] b]lvG5 . ;"o{ k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf k/ / rGb|df ;a}eGbf glhs ePsf] a]nf k"0f{ vu|f; ;"o{u|x0f x'g] ub{5 .

rGb|df ;"o{eGbf $)) u'0ffn] ;fgf] 5 t/ of] $)) u'gfn] g} k[YjLsf] glhs klg 5 . o;n] ubf{ xfdL rGb|df / ;"o{nfO{ p:t} cfsf/sf] b]V5f}+ . olb rGb|df , ;"o{ / k[YjLsf] aLrdf cfOk'u]/ o;n] ;"o{af6 cfO/x]sf] k|sfznfO{ 5]Sb5 eg] o;sf] 5fofF k[YjLdf kb{5 h;n] ubf{ ;"o{u|x0f x'G5 . of] k|lqmof k|To]s !* dlxgfdf x'g] ub{5 . k|To]s cf}+zLdf rGb|df ;"o{ / k[YjLsf] aLrdf cfOk'U5 h'g qmddf ;"o{af6 cfPsf] k|sfz rGb|dfdf 7f]lsP/ kms{G5 / o;nfO{ b]lvb}g . t/ x/]s cf}+zLdf ;"o{u|x0f x'Fb}g . To;} u/L k|To]s k"l0f{dfdf k[YjL ;"o{ / rGb|dfsf aLrdf cfOk'U5 t/ x/]s k"l0f{dfdf rGb|u|x0f x'Fb}g . of] lsg x'G5 eg], rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ jqmky / k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ jqmky ;dfg ;dtndf kb}{g . oL b'O{ ;dtnaLr % l8u|L * ldg]6 sf]0fn] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ k|To]s cf}+zL jf k"l0f{dfdf rGb|df k[YjLsf] jqmky ;dtn If]qdf kb}{g . ;"o{ / k[YjL b'j} k[YjLsf] jqmky ;dtndf kb{5g\ / ha;Dd rGb|df klg ;f]xL ;dtn If]qdf kb}{g, rGb|dfsf] 5fofF k[YjLdf jf k[YjLsf] 5fofF rGb|dfdf kb}{g . oL ltg} u|xx? ;dfg ;dtn If]qdf kbf{ dfq u|x0f x'G5 .

;"o{u|x0fsf] ;dodf ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf 5/ki6 ?kdf ljls/0f cfpg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ gfFuf] cfFvfn] x]/]df xfd|f] ;+j]bgzLn cfFvfdf xfgL ub{5 / o;sf sf/0f cGwf] klg x'g ;S5 . 

Radio program question

!_ k[YjLsf] r'DasLo d08n (Magnetosphere) df Kjfn k/]sf] xf] <

;aeGbf klxn] r'DasLo d08n (Magnetosphere) eg]sf] k[YjLsf] jl/k/L r'DasLo ;txn] 3]/]sf] d08n xf] h;n] ;"o{af6 ;f]n/ ljO08 -;f}o{ jfo'_ nfO{ k[YjLdf cfpgaf6 /f]S5 . olb Tof] d08ndf Kjfn eof] jf df]6fO{ 36\of] eg] w]/} ;f]n/ ljO08 -;f}o{ jfo'_ k[YjLdf l5g{ ;S5 / xfdLnfO{ xfgL u5{ . ;"o{sf] cfˆgf] r'DasLo If]q x'G5 h'g kl/jt{gzLn 5 . o:tf] dflgG5 ls r'DasLo If]q w]/} zlQmzfnL x'g'sf] sf/0fn] g} æ;g\ :k6\;Æ sf] pTklQ x'G5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof 36 a9 eO{/x]5 5 . k|To]s !! jif{kl5 ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof crfgs a9]sf] 5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;fy sf]/f]gfsf] cfsf/df klg lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g x'G5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof a9L x'Fbf sf]/f]gf ;"o{sf] cf;kf; Ps ;dldtLo j[Qsf] ?kdf cfpF5 . ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof sd x'Fbf sf]/f]gf j[Qfsf/ x'g'sf] ;§f c08fsf/ of bL3{j[Qsf/sf] ?kdf b]lvG5 tyf o;sf] rds klg ToxL a]nf sd x'G5 .

;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof cg';f/ sf]/f]gfsf] cfsf/df nuftf/ x'g] jfnf kl/jt{gaf6 g} ;f]n/ ljO08 -;f}o{ jfo'_ sf] pTklQ x'G5 . sf]/f]gfsf] s]xL efu ;"o{af6 pl5l§P/ nueu $%) ls=dL= k|lt ;]=sf] ultn] knfog x'G5 . o;}nfO{ ;f}o{ xfjf elgG5 . ;f}o{ xfjfdf cfoltt Uof;x? hd]sf] x'G5 , h'g KnfHdf cj:yfdf x'G5 . of] ;f}o{ KnfHdfsf] cj:yfdf a/fa/ dfqfdf 3gfj]lzt cfot pkl:yt x'G5 .

;f}o{ ;lqmotfsf] bf}/fg ha ;g\ :k6\;sf] ;+Vof clwstd ;Ldf ;Dd k'Ub5 ta ;"o{af6 ;f]n/ ˆn]o/ lg:sG5 . ;f]n/ ˆn]o/df pRr zlQmjfg k|f]6f]g / On]S6«f]g pkl:yt x'G5 . k[YjLdf /]l8of] cleu|x0f tyf ;~rf/ lqmofx?df of] s0fn] afwf k'¥ofpFb5 . o;af6 k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]qdf xnrn x'G5 h;af6 r'DasLo t'kmfg -DofUg]l6s :6d{_ x?sf] pTklQ x'G5 .

oL ;f]n/ ˆn]o/x?sf cnfjf sf]/f]gfaf6 ;f}o{ Hjfnfx? -;f]n/ k|f]ldg]+;];_ sf] klg pTklQ x'G5 . cfuf]sf] ljzfn k'~hsf] ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] of] Hjfnfx? ;f}o{ sf]/f]gfsf] aflx/ tkm{ a9\b5 . of] ;f}o{ Hjfnfx?sf] tfkqmd xhf/f}+ s]lNag x'G5 . cGtl/Ifdf xhf/f}+ ls=dL=sf] ofqf Hjfnfx? km}lnP/ to ub{5 .

k[YjLsf] jl/k/Lsf] If]q h;df Charge Particles x? l;t klg r'DasLo If]q k|efljt x'G5 . k[YjLsf] Magnetosphere df af/ DofUg]6 h:t} b'O{ j6f w'j|x? x'G5g\ . j}1flgssf] egfO{ cg;f/ k[YjLsf] r'DasLo ;txdf @ j6f 7"nf] Kjfnx? kl/;s]sf 5g\ . h;n] k[YjLnfO{ w]/} xfgL ul//x]sf] 5 . tL Kjfn gk/]sf] a]nfdf hlt ;f}o{ xfjf l5b{Yof] To;sf] @) u'0ff a9L Kjfnaf6 l5l//x]sf] 5 . j}1flgssf] egfO{ cg';f/ ;g\ @)!@ ;Dddf k[YjLsf] Jof;eGbf $ u'0ff a9L Jof; ePsf] Kjfn kg]{5 .  

w]/} ;–;fgf s0fx? r'DasLo ;txn] ubf{ k5fl8 kms]{/ hfG5g\ eg] s]xL ToxL If]qdf yk pmhf{ ;lxt 3'Dg yfNb5g\ . tftf] xfjf axg] rqm !! jif{sf] x'G5 / clxn] yf]/} 5 eg] @)!@ df clwstd x'g]5 . k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]q 36\g' a9\g' To;sf] cw{Jof;sf] ;fy} cfˆgf] sIfdf 3'Dg'df klg lge{/ kb{5 . k[YjL Vertical Axis l;t !! l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfP/ cfˆgf] sIfdf 3'D5 . To;}n] k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]q 36\g a9\g ;S5 . k[YjLsf] r'DasLo If]q / ;fwf/0f r'Dassf] r'DsLo If]qdf s'g} ;dfgtf gePsf]n] To;df Kjfn k/]kl5 ;fwf/0f r'Dassf] r'DasLo If]qdf klg Kjfn x'G5 eGg ;lsb}g .

@_ /f]6L ksfpbf /f]6Lsf] Pp6f efu kftnf] Pp6f efu df]6f]df 5'l§G5 lsg <

/f]6L ksfpgsf] nfuL ux'Fsf] kL7f]df kfgL xfln;s] kl5 /fd|f];Fu d'l5O{ /f]6L agfpg] cfsf/df tof/ ul/G5 . ha Tof] /f]6L tft]sf] tfpdf /fv] kl5 /f]6Ldf ePsf] kfgL jfkm eP/ p8\5 . /f]6Lsf] h'g efudf klxnf kfgLsf] dfqf 36\5 Tof] efu rfF8} ;'Ssf x'G5 / kftnf] x'G5 . kfgL jfikmLs/0f x'g] b/ /f]6Lsf] df]6fO{df e/ kb{5 . /f]6Lsf] df]6fO{ w]/} sd 5 eg] b'j} efu plQs} df]6f] x'G5 . olb /f]6L w]/} afSnf] 5 eg] Pp6f efu w]/} kftnf] / Pp6f efu w]/} df]6f] x'G5 . s'g} klg wft"sf] tfk kmfNg] To;sf] Thermal Conductivity df e/ kb{5 . tfpsf] Thermal Conductivity w]/} x'g] ePsf]n] /f]6Ln] rfF8} tfk ;f]:b5 / jfikmLs/0f klg l56f] x'G5 . Tof] jfkm /f]6Lsf] dflysf] efuaf6 p8\g] ePsf]n] tnsf] eGbf dflyNnf] efu l9nf] u/L ;'S5 / df]6f] x'G5 .

#_ ;"o{ / rGb|df k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 lsg <

;f}o{ kl/jf/df ePsf] ;a} u|xx?n] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] pku|xx?n] u|xnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;f}o{ kl/jf/df ePsf k|To]s u|xx? / pku|xx? Ps csf{]l;t Gravitational force / Centripetal Force n] cl8Psf 5g\ . k[YjL ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg'sf] ;fy} cfˆgf] sIfdf klg 3'ld/x]sf] x'G5 . hxfF;Dd xfdLnfO{ nfU5 ls ;"o{n] k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] 5g\ eGg] s'/f To;df olb xfdL rGb|dfdf a;]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k[YjLn] rGb|dfdfnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 / k[YjL g} rGb|df eGbf dfly b]lvG5 . h;/L Pp6f sldnf em'l08Psf] ;'Gtnfdf lx8\5 eg] Tof] sldnfsf] nflu ;'Gtnf ;w} tn g} x'G5 . To;}u/L k[YjL ;'Gtnfsf/ ePsf] / xfdL sldnf h:t} k[YjLdf 3'Db5f} eg] ;"o{ / rGb|df xfdL eGbf dfly g} b]lvG5 / ;"o{ / rGb|df k[YjLnfO{ kl/qmdf ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .

$_ kmf6f]skL d]zLgn] s;/L sfd u5{ <

kmf]6f]skL d]zLgn] s'g} klg k|ltj]bgsf] kfgfsf] gSsn h:tfsf] To:t} csf]{ gofF kfgfdf 5fKg] sfd u5{ .  kmf]6f]skL d]zLgsf] csf]{ gfd Xerox d]zLg xf] . o;/L h:tf To:t} csf]{ gofF kfgfdf 5fKg] k|lqmofnfO{ Xerography elgG5 . Xerography u|Ls zAbaf6 pTklQ ePsf] / Xerox zAbsf] cy{ Dry Writing xf] . kmf]6f]skL d]zLgsf] cfljisf/ Cheaster Carlson n] ;g\ !(#* df df u/]sf x'g\ / pgL lj1fgsf] ljBfyL{ geP/ sfg"gsf ljBfyL{ lyP . ;g\ !(%) df kmf]6f]skL d]zLg ahf/df laqmLsf] nflu NofOPsf lyP . kmf]6f]skL d]zLg s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf, kmf]6f]skL d]zLg b'O{  l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ sfd u5{ . Pp6f xf] Principle of Photoconductivity l;4fGtdf eg] csf]{ xf] Coulomb's Law xf] . Photoconductivity eg]sf] s'g} wft'df k|sfz kg]{ ljlQs} Tof] wft'df s/]G6 aUg] xf] / Coulomb's Law eg]sf] ;dfg rfh{ sgx?df ljqmz0f / c;dfg rfh{ sgx?df cfsif{0f x'g' xf] .  

kmf]6f]skL d]zLgdf b'O{ j6f ;dtn P]gfx?, n]G;, DofUg]l6s a|; /f]n/, d;L h:tf cflb kf6{k"hf{x? x'G5g\ . kmf]6f]skLsf] d;L ljz]if lsl;dsf] sfnf] /+usf] x'G5 . h'g tfkn] klUnP/ DofUg]l6s a|;åf/f k]k/df 5flkG5 . kmf]6f]skL kfgfdf 5fKbf d'Vot rf/ efudf sfo{ ub{5g\ . klxnf] xf] Selenium wft'n] ag]sf] 8«dnfO{ rfh{ ul/G5 . bf];|f] sfo{ P]gf / n]G;sf] d2tn] kfgfdf 5fofF kfl/G5 / ToxL 5fofFdf d;LnfO{ kufnL 5flkG5 . o;/L kmf6f]skL d]zLgn] sfd u5{ .

Article on Copenhagen conference

;d[4 g]kfnsf nflu gljs/0fLo pmhf{sf] dxTj

8]gdfs{sf] sf]kgx]ug hnafo' kl/jt{g ;Dd]ng:

gljs/0fLo pmhf{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jftfj/0fLo ;d:of, oL tLg} kIf Ps csf{aLr cToGt 3lgi6 / cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . zfob o;} eP/ xf]nf pmhf{ljb\ tyf jftfj/0fljb\x?nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L dgkg]{ zAb, k|of]u ug]{ zAb x'g'sf] ;fy} sdfO{ vfg] ef+8f] klg ePsf] 5 . oL tLg} j6f zAbx? Ps csf{sf kof{ojfrL g eP klg oL zAbx?sf hfn´]ndf ;DalGwt lj1x?nfO{ km:g :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfn] emg dnhn yKg] sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . xfn} ;g\ @))( sf] & b]lv !* l8;]Da/;Dd ;DkGg ePsf] 8]gdfs{sf] sf]kgx]ugdf hnafo' kl/jt{g ;DalGw ;Dd]ngn] oL zAbx?nfO{ emg pTs;{df k'¥ofO{ lbPsf] 5 eGg' cltZoo'lQm x'g] 5}g . ;'Ggdf cfPsf 5g\ sL pQm ;Dd]ngdf ljZjel/sf !(@ b]zx?jf6 nueu !%))) k|ltlgwLx? efu lnPsf lyP . pSt ;Dd]ngdf efu lng] ;a} k|ltlgwLx? / efu lng] b]zx?sf] ;‘Vof af6 cf};t ;+Vof lgsfNg] xf] eg] hDdf &( k|ltlglwx?sf] ;+Vof k|To]s b]zaf6 x'g cf‘p5 . t/ pSt ;Dd]ngdf g]kfn h:tf] :ffgf] d'n'saf6 dfq} em08} ^)) k|ltlglwx? efu lnPsf lyP . k|To]s b]zaf6 efu lng] cf};t ;+Vofsf] k|ltlglwx? eGbf xfd|f] b]z af6 * u'0ff a9L k|ltlgwLx? efu lnPsf 5g\ . o;/L xfd|f] b]zaf6 rflxg] eGbf al9 k|ltlgwLx? efu lnP jfkt xfd|f] b]zn] * u'0ff al9 ;'lawf kfpg] xf] sL < olb o;f] xf] eg] c? yk k|ltlglwx? efu lnPsf] eP a]z} x'GYof] ls Û

t/ oxfF k|Zg s] p7\5 eg] s] ;a} efu lng] k|ltlglwx? pQm ljifosf ljz]if1 g} lyP t < cyjf efu lng] ;a} k|ltlglwx? clgjfo{ ?kdf hfg}kg]{ lyof] t < olb ;a} k|ltlglwx? ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1 jf hfg}kg]{ g} lyof] eg] t ;fx|} /fd|f] xf], xf]Og eg] /fi6«sf] 9's'6Lsf] b'?Kof]u ePsf] xf]Og / < To;} u/L sf]kgx]ug ;Dd]ngs}nflu sfnfkTy/df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s u/]/ x]lnsk6/jf6 cfk"m ;lxt cfkmgf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;d]t cUnf cUnf lxdfnx? ;o/ u/fP/ s/f]8f}+ ?k}of l;WofO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/sf] k};fdf gfª\uf] gfr u/]sf xf]Og / < xfd|f] b]zsf] ;DalGwt lgsfosf cu'jfx?nfO{ b]zsf] clt bogLo ca:yf k|lt s]xL lrGtf jf rf;f] 5 ls 5}g < o; k|Zgsf] hjfa cfh cfd g]kfnLn] vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfn h:tf] u/La b]z hxfF pmhf{sf] oqf] ;+s6 5 , ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfx? b}lgs !^ 306f;Dd nf]8;]l8Ësf] df/ v]lk/x]sf 5g\ . pSt ;Dd]ngaf6 s]lx gLlt kfl/t eO{ kfpg'kg]{ ;'lawf kfO{ pmhf{ ;+s6sf] ;d:of clnslt eP klg ;dfwfg cyjf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] oqf] ^)) eGbfa9L k|ltlgwLx? efu lnPsf] plrt ;flat x'G5 , xf]Og eg] s/f]8f}+ ?k}oFfsf] b'?Kof]u dfq} ePsf] xf]nf . pQm ;Dd]ngdf efu lngsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] s/f]8f}} ?k}oFf vr{ u/]sf] 5 . olb ToxL ?k}oFf s'g} j}slNks pmhf{ kl/of]hgfdf nufPsf] eP cjZo klg pmhf{ ;+s6df Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsGYof] xf]nf . o;df s;}sf] klg b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .

ljZjdf c? b]zsf] t'ngfdf g]kfn sfa{g pT;h{g sd ug]{ d'n's xf] . t/ o;af6 kg{] gsf/fTds k|efadf a/fa/L ;f´]bf/L eO{/x]sf] 5 . To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ :j?k kfpg'kg]{ ;'lawf af/] hDaf] k|ltlglwsf] 6f]nLn] cfjfh p7fO{ sf]kgx]ug ;Dd]ngnaf6 s]xL gLlt kfl/t u/fpg ;lsof] / To:sf] k|ltkmn xfd|f] b]zsf] pmhf{ ;+s6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{df k|of]u eof] eg] s]xL ;xof]u x'g ;S5 , xf]Og eg] hDaf] k|ltlglwsf] 6f]nL uPsf] s'g} dxTj /xb}g\ .   

gljs/0fLo pmhf{sf] dxTj:

dfgj hLjgdf pmhf{sf] slt dxTj 5 eGg] s'/f s;}n] elg /fVg' kb}{g, cfkm}n] dgg u/] k'U5 . Go"gtd cfjZostf b]lv lnP/ ljnfl;tf cfjZostf ;Ddsf] s'g} klg ;fwg k|of]u pmhf{ ljgf x'g ;Sb}g . elgG5 h'g b]z jf JolQmn] a9L pmhf{ pkef]u u5{ , Tof] b]z / JolQm Tolt wgLdf ulgG5 . wgL / u/La b]zsf] ;"rs klg pmhf{ pkef]uaf6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 . ;+;f/df pmhf{sf] ;|f]t l;ldt dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ / hg;+Vofsf] a[l4sf] cg'kft klg lbgfg'lbg a9\g] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ pmhf{sf] vkt klg lbgfg'lbg a9\g] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf x'g ;Sb}g . o;/L pmhf{sf] vkt lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPdf eljZodf ljZjdf pmhf{sf] yk ;+s6 gxf]nf eGg ;lsb}g .

g]kfn hn;|f]tsf] b[li6n] a|flhnkl5 ljZjsf] ;aeGbf wgL /fi6« eP/ klg pmhf{ ;+s6df klxnf] :yfg lnPsf] s'/f lttf] oyfy{nfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg\ . xfd|f] b]zdf hn;|f]taf6 *#,))) d]ufjf6 lah'nL lgsfNg] Ifdtf dWo] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0fsn] $#,))) d]ufjf6 lah'nL lgsfNg ;Sg] Ifdtf eP klg xfn;Dd nueu ^%) d]ufjf6 ljB't dfq pTkfbg e}/x]sf] 5 . To;df klg k|fljlws sf/0fa; pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] krf; k|ltzt dfq} ljB't pTkfbg e}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;a{k|yd ;g\ !(!! df /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb|;dz]/sf] kfnfdf kmlk{Ë hnljB't kl/of]hgfaf6 %)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] eg] To;sf] nueu Ps ztfJbL kl5 klg yk s]lx pTkfbg Ifdtf a9]sf] ePtf klg To:fnfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs dfGg ;lsg] ca:yf eg] 5}g . ljB't pTkfbg Tolts}df l;ldt x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] t < To;sf] sf/0f vf]Hb} hfg] xf] eg] kSs} klg oyfl:ytLjfbL ;f]r / e|i6frf/ k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf]df s'g} z+sf 5}g . clxn] klg g]kfnnfO{ ;‘flRrs} gofF g]kfn agfpg] xf] eg] ;DalGwt lgsfosf cu'jfx?sf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g x'g' clt cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .   

goFf cfljisf/ / k|of]u:

xfnsf] ljBdfg ljB't ;+s6nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ lskmfotL ljB'tLo pks/0fx? klg k|of]udf Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZotf b]lvPsf] 5 . k|To]s 3/ / sfof{nodf CF Lamp k|of]u ug'{sf] ;fy} cfw'lgs k|efjsf/L 6«flkms ljB'tLo k|0ffnL klg k|of]udf Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . h;df Multi Color Light Emitting Diode (LED lamp) k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6} LED Lamp n] tLg} j6f /+usf] aQL aNg] k|0ffnLsf] cfljisf/ eO;s]sf / ljsl;t b]zx?df k|of]udf klg cfO;s]sf 5g\ . h;af6 ljB'tsf] vktdf lgs} sld x'g'sf] ;fy} aQLx? ˆo"h eP/ ;do ;dodf abNg' kg]{ ;d:ofaf6 klg d'lQm kfpF5 / nfut vr{df klg sdL Nofpg ;lsG5 .

To;f] t xfn ljBdfg pmhf{ ;+s6nfO{ /ftf/ft xn ug{ g;lsP klg gljs/0fLo pmhf{ k|of]u u/]/ s]xL dfqfdf ljB'tLo ;+s6 Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h:fdf ;f}o{ pmhf{, jfo' pmhf{, jfof]la|s]6, jfof]UoFf; h:tf cflb gljs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tx? k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . h'g :jR5 pmhf{ x'g'sf] ;fy} jftfj/0fd}qL klg dflgG5 . xfd|f] b]z ;f}o{ pmhf{sfnflu clt pko'Qm cfIffFz / b]zfGt/df klg k5{ hxfF nueu #)) eGbf a9L lbgx?df ;"o{sf] ls/0f kg]{ ub{5 / ;f}o{ ljlss/0f klg k|z:q} dfqfdf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;f}o{ pmhf{n] s'g} lsl;dsf] k|b"if0f klg ub}{g / o;sf pks/0fx? h8fg ug{ klg ;/n / ;'ne x'G5 .  

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{df gf:6sf] pknlJw:

g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|lalw k|1f k|lti7fg -gf:6_ n] cfkm\gf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} gljs/0fLo pmhf{df cWoog cg';Gwfg hf/L /fv]sf] 5 . t/ gf:6sf] sfo{qmdsf] cg';/0f u/]/ c? ;+3;+:yfx? w]/} cufl8 al9;s]sf 5g\ eg] gf:6sf] pSt sfo{s|dx?n] ck]lIft ult lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g\ . To;sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf t < pQ/ vf]Hg] a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . gf:6n] cGt{/fli6«o ;+3;+:yfx? h:t} g]8f], ;f]jf;]n / hfO{sfl;t ;xsfo{ u/L gljs/0fLo pmhf{df cWoog cg';Gwfg u/] klg lg/Gt/tf lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . To;sf] klg sf/0f vf]Hg] a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 .

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To:f} u/L ljZjsf] cUnf] :yfg %)%) ld6/ prfO{df cjl:yt ;f]n'v'De'sf] nf]Aa'r]df /x]sf] lKf/fld8 k|of]uzfnfdf ljleGg gljs/0fLo pmhf{x? h:t} ;f}o{ pmhf{, hn pmhf{,  jfo' pmhf{ h:tf cGo gljs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tx? ljleGg j}1flgs pks/0f ;Grfngdf k|of]u eO{/x]sf 5g .  h;df % lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ pmhf{ , * lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] hn pmhf{ , # lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] jfo' pmhf{ h:tf cflb /x]sf 5g\ . t/ pSt k|of]uzfnfsf] klg plrt ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ;dod} ug{ g;lsPdf / ;DalGwt lj1x?nfO{ pSt k|of]uzfnfdf h8fg ePsf ljleGg ljB'tLo ;|f]tx? Aff/] hfgsf/L , cWoog tyf tflnd g u/fP c? k|0ffnLx?sf] h:t} cj:yfdf g k'Unf eGg ;LsGg\ . t/ b'MvnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] o; k|of]uzfnfsf] e|d0f 6f]nLdf ;DalGwt j}1flgs jf k|flalwsx? eGbf klg cGo AolQmx?nfO{ 3'd3fd ug{ k7fpg] ul/Psf] lttf] oyfy{ /x]sf] 5 . o:fdf ;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos  b]lvG5 .